Children's Peer Relationships
ERIC Identifier: ED265936
Publication Date: 1986-00-00
Author: Burton, Christine B.
Source: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education Urbana IL.
Children's friendships have inevitable ups and downs. Yet the feelings of satisfaction and security that most children derive from interacting with peers outweigh periodic problems. For a number of children, however, peer relations are persistently problematic. Some children are actively rejected by peers. Others are simply ignored, or neglected. It even appears that some popular children have many friends but nevertheless feel alone and unhappy.
WHY ARE PEER RELATIONSHIPS IMPORTANT?
Children who are unable to form close or satisfying relationships with peers should be of concern to parents and teachers alike. For one thing, these children miss out on opportunities to learn social skills that will be important throughout their lives. Especially critical are the skills needed to initiate and maintain social relationships and to resolve social conflicts, including communication, compromise, and tact (Asher and others 1982). Children who lack ongoing peer involvements also may miss opportunities to build a sense of social self-confidence.
These children may develop little faith in their own abilities to achieve interpersonal goals and, thus, are easily overwhelmed by the normal ups and downs of social interaction. Implications for the children's future social and professional adjustments are obvious.
Finally, children without satisfying friendships may suffer from painful feelings of isolation (Asher and others 1984). School may be an unpleasant place for the children. They may ultimately become truant or drop out altogether (Kupersmidt 1983). Or, in their search for a sense of group belonging, the children may become vulnerable to the influence of delinquent or drug-abusing peers (Isaacs 1985).
WHAT FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO PEER RELATIONSHIP PROBLEMS?
As adults become aware of children with significant peer relationship problems, their concern should focus on why such problems are occurring. Fortunately, recent research has expanded insight into the following factors that contribute to children's peer relationship problems.
- Social Behavior
Some children behave in an aggressive or disruptive manner and, hence, are rejected by peers. Other children withdraw from peer interactions and, in this way, limit their ability to gain acceptance and friendship (Coie and Kupersmidt 1983; Dodge 1983). Each type of ineffective social behavioral pattern can stem from different root causes. One possible cause is a lack of knowledge about effective interaction strategies. Another potential cause relates to the children's emotional states.
Children who are anxious or fearful about peer relations are unlikely to behave in an effective manner. Academic problems also can contribute to ineffective social behavior. Children who cannot engage themselves with classroom work assignments often disrupt and irritate their peers (Burton in press).
- Differentness
Similarity fosters social acceptance. Conversely, children tend to encounter social rejection when they are perceived to be dissimilar from their peers. This may occur when children are of a different ethnic group or sex, are physically unattractive or handicapped, or are newcomers to their classrooms (Asher and others 1982).
- Family Problems
Family problems can have damaging effects on children's peer relations. For example, children of divorcing parents may act out feelings of anger at school, eliciting rejection from peers in the process. Children with family problems, such as parental alcoholism, may be reluctant to bring friends home, avoiding close friendships as a result.
- Reputation
Even if children overcome the circumstances that originally led them to experience peer problems, a reputation as a social outcast is extremely difficult to change.
HOW CAN CHILDREN OVERCOME PEER RELATIONSHIP PROBLEMS?
Children require help from adults if they are to overcome serious peer relationship problems. The most successful helping strategies are matched to the specific needs of the children involved.
- Social Skills Training
Children whose behavior leads to social rejection often need to learn new interpersonal skills. In such cases, specific instruction on ways to make peer interactions mutually satisfying and productive can be effective in improving the children's peer relations (Asher and others 1982).
- Intervention for Related Problems
When peer problems co-occur with serious academic problems, children may need intensive academic intervention if they are to become accepted members of their classroom groups (Coie and Krehbiel 1984). Similarly, children should be given school support for dealing with family problems, when possible, to minimize potential adverse effects on the children's peer relations.
- Nonthreatening Social Experiences
Large groups can be threatening to children who lack self-confidence. Shy children may therefore benefit from opportunities to interact with peers in small groups. Parents can encourage shy children to invite classmates over one at a time for special activities. Or shy children can be encouraged to develop outside interests, like music or art, that will provide a natural basis for interacting with other children. Both of these approaches can boost shy children's self-confidence and may help them start friendships in the process.
- Cooperative Classroom Projects
Cooperative group projects can foster peer acceptance of children who are trying to improve their social reputations, including children who are seen as different by their classmates. Under this scheme, teachers assign interesting tasks to small work groups. The group members must work cooperatively to achieve the tasks. In so doing, they must interact with peers they would typically avoid and often discover new bases for liking them (Bierman and Furman 1984; Isaacs 1985).
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ADULTS
Beyond intervention for specific peer problems, there are several general strategies that may help all children maintain a healthy outlook on their own social lives (Burton in press):
- Give children explicit opportunities to share any peer-related concerns they might have
Show respect for the children's unique social needs. Some children may be contented with few friends. Some popular children may have such high expectations that they never feel socially successful.
- Create social options for children without creating pressures
Take care not to communicate the expectation that children should be liked by "all of the people all of the time."
CONCLUSION
In sum, the message regarding children's peer relationships is a clear one. Peer relationships are important contributors to the quality of both children's current lives and their future development. Children who have difficulty in relating to peers can be helped. Such intervention is most effective when it is tailored to fit the specific nature of the children's peer problems.
This publication was prepared with funding from the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, under OERI contract. The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of OERI or the Department of Education. ERIC Digests are in the public domain and may be freely reproduced.
FOR MORE INFORMATION
Asher, S. R., S. Hymel, and P. D. Renshaw. "Loneliness in Children." CHILD DEVELOPMENT 55 (1984):1456-1464.
Asher, S. R., P. D. Renshaw, and S. Hymel. "Peer Relations and the Development of Social Skills." In THE YOUNG CHILD: REVIEWS OF RESEARCH. VOLUME 3, edited by S. G. Moore and C. R. Cooper. Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1982.
Bierman, K. L., and W. Furman. "The Effects of Social Skills Training and Peer Involvement on the Social Adjustment of Preadolescents. CHILD DEVELOPMENT 55 (1984):151-162.
Burton, C. B. "Problems in Children's Peer Relations: A Broadening Perspective." In CURRENT TOPICS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION. VOLUME 7, edited by L. G. Katz. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, in press.
Coie, J. D., and G. Krehbiel. "Effects of Academic Tutoring on the Social Status of Low-achieving, Socially Rejected Children." CHILD DEVELOPMENT 55 (1984):1465-1478.
Coie, J. D., and J. B. Kupersmidt. "A Behavioral Analysis of Emerging Social Status in Boy's Groups." CHILD DEVELOPMENT 54 (1983):1400-1416.
Dodge, K. "Behavioral Antecedents of Peer Social Status." CHILD DEVELOPMENT 54 (1983):1386-1399.
Isaacs, S. "Popularity." PARENTS' MAGAZINE (August 1985):58-62.
Kupersmidt, J. B. "Predicting Delinquency and Academic Problems from Childhood Peer Status." Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit, Michigan, April 21-24, 1983.
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